It is known that human labor is able to produce more than it consumes,
and this capacity for “surplus labor” is sometimes treated as a special
and mystical endowment of humanity or of its labor. In reality it
is nothing of the sort, but is merely the prolongation of working time
beyond the point where labor has reproduced itself, or in other words brought
into being its own means of subsistence or their equivalent. This
time will vary with the intensity and productivity of labor, as well as
with the changing requirements of “subsistence,” but for any given state
of these it is a definite duration. The “peculiar” capacity of labor
power to produce for the capitalist after it has reproduced itself is therefor
nothing but the extension of work time beyond the point where it could
otherwise come to a halt. An ox too will have this capacity, and
grind out more corn than it will eat if kept to the task by training and
compulsion (38).