Scientific management, so-called, is an attempt to apply the methods of science to the increasingly complex problems of the control of labor in rapidly growing capitalist enterprises.  It lacks the characteristics of a true science because its assumptions reflect nothing more than the outlook of the capitalist with regard to the conditions of production.  It starts, despite occasional protestations to the contrary, not from the human point of view but from the capitalist point of view, from the point of view of the management of a refractory work force in a setting of antagonistic social relations.  It does not attempt to discover and confront the cause of this condition, but accepts it as an inexorable given, a “natural” condition.  It investigates not labor in general, but the adaptation of labor to the needs of capital.  It enters the workplace not as the representative of science, but as the representative of management masquerading in the trappings of science (59).